GalaxyBy Simon Kneen
Galaxy
Patterns in Star Orbits Reveal the Origin and Evolution of Galaxies and Generate Vast Grand Designs.
Origin of Galaxies.
The origin of galaxies in the Standard Model with merger starts in the early universe. Outflow is a different way to produce star forming regions.
Fundamentally, merger relies on galaxies being pulled together by gravity as these two galaxies seem to be. This is not possible with the accumulated gravity of most individual galaxies and requires perhaps thousands of times more force which is supplied by Dark Matter (DM).
Growth from outflow has something different to say about a relationship between galaxies and relies on outflow from the centre not influence from DM. That galaxies grow from smaller structures by the same process of outflow (how that can happen is theorized latter). These two galaxies are related in this proposal.
Image credit: NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA). Whirlpool galaxy, also M51, with its companion dwarf galaxy NGC 5194. Are they merging?
The Milky Way and Andromeda with orbiting dwarf galaxies.
Where have these dwarfs come from? Born soon after the Big Bang and captured with gravity by wandering past?
Milky Way local group credit Andrew Colvin.
Maybe not. There's surprisingly few at that early phase. The later universe has a larger proliferation. Also, the origin of galaxies is unclear. How a black hole develops into a galaxy core and how the matter orientates around it, in the early universe, is not well described in merger.
The inset is an image of an extremely faint and distant galaxy that existed only 400 million years after the big bang.
Credits: NASA, ESA, and L. Infante (Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile)
Globular clusters, dwarf galaxies and galaxies have similar patterns of outflow.
Rodrigo A. Ibata and colleagues. Thirteen of Andromeda Galaxy's satellites lie in a remarkably flat plane and orbit in the same direction.
In patterns of matter expansion from the centre, larger galaxies evolve from smaller and structurally similar star forming regions.
Dwarf galaxies grow from structures like globular clusters. They carry the same patterns of growth like often symmetrical, circular in nature and increasing density of stars to the centre as fractals of each other. The major star forming regions are all in the centres. They may all have a central object, so 'outflow', and matter expansion out of the middle.
These dwarf galaxies rotate at the same direction and speed, with near circular orbits, around dominating Andromeda.
The merger process would suggest these satellites are randomly captured so orbiting elliptically in different directions and speeds, which they are not. Growth describes a morphology from within the galaxy matching its direction, rotation and plane - as these satellites demonstrate. In fact slowly spiralling away with most of the galaxy's mass. So, are these dwarfs randomly falling inward (merger) or spiralling outwardly, and matching Andromeda's rotation (home grown). They can't do both.
More info try: This Huge Galaxy Has Tiny Galaxies Orbiting It, Like Planets Around a Star. MICHELLE STARR. 2 FEB 2018 Science Alert. Or: Dancing with giants: dynamics of dwarf satellite galaxies
June 14, 2018, Leiden University
Large galaxy clusters show little sign of disruptive merger. Perfectly symmetrical galaxies (unblemished from merging) appear to be rotating around a huge central galaxy.
The same pattern exists in massive galaxy clusters as those satellites around Andromeda. The difference here is a great increase in mass in all these galaxies as suggested by a fractal pattern. Instead of dwarfs we have whole galaxies around a massive central galaxy. These clusters may have the same rotation as the dominating monster central galaxy as related structures that gradually diverge - not captured.
Other reasons to suggest possible connections exist between galaxy clusters and the central galaxy are double helix filaments.
Vergo Cluster. Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI and Chung et al., Columbia University
Double helix filaments spread out in a matrix of associations to surrounding galaxies from the central dominating galaxy core (show in red).
Satellite galaxies may relate, through filament bonds that anchor or umbilically associate, to the central galaxy as these filaments often connect one galaxy to another (the Cosmic Web).
Credit: NASA, ESA, Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA);
A. Fabian (IoA, Cambridge U.), L. Frattare (STScI), CXC, G. Taylor, NRAO, VLA This stunning visible light image from the Hubble Space Telescope shows galactic debris and filaments of glowing gas, some up to 20,000 light-years long.
Image credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss. An artist's impression of a galaxy at the center of the Phoenix galaxy cluster.
Filaments originate/associate close to or at the high energy galaxy core.
These processes around the centre are vital to understand in galaxy evolution. Here is a SMBH of true immensity. Gravitational sheer must be huge. Outflow is massive.
How do filaments exist in this high energy environment and why may filaments connect to surrounding galaxies? What is the central object's pivotal role? The answer may be found in powerful processes at the centre and explained in the predictions about and properties of BHs.